Drug Delivery to the Brain

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xx

   PDF

2. Physiology and Basic Principles for Drug Handling by the Brain

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

      PDF

   2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Blood–Brain Barriers

      • N. Joan Abbott

      Pages 3-21

   3. Recent Progress in Blood–Brain Barrier and Blood–CSF Barrier Transport Research: Pharmaceutical Relevance for Drug Delivery to the Brain

      • Masanori Tachikawa, Yasuo Uchida, Sumio Ohtsuki, Tetsuya Terasaki

      Pages 23-62

   4. Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) Pharmacoproteomics: A New Research Field Opened Up by Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics (QTAP)

      • Yasuo Uchida, Masanori Tachikawa, Sumio Ohtsuki, Tetsuya Terasaki

      Pages 63-100

   5. Drug Metabolism at the Blood–Brain and Blood–CSF Barriers

      • Xavier Declèves, Nathalie Strazielle, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Jean-François Ghersi-Egea

      Pages 101-124

3. Pharmacokinetic Concepts and Methods for Studying Drug Delivery

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 125-125

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   2. Pharmacokinetic Concepts in Brain Drug Delivery

      • Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes

      Pages 127-161

   3. In Vitro Models of CNS Barriers

      • N. Joan Abbott, Diana E. M. Dolman, Siti R. Yusof, Andreas Reichel

      Pages 163-197

   4. In Situ and In Vivo Animal Models

      • Quentin R. Smith, Ramakrishna Samala

      Pages 199-211

   5. Principles of PET and Its Role in Understanding Drug Delivery to the Brain

      • Stina Syvänen, Roger N. Gunn

      Pages 213-232

   6. PKPD Aspects of Brain Drug Delivery in a Translational Perspective

      • Elizabeth C. M. de Lange

      Pages 233-268

4. Industrial Approaches for Investigation of Potential Central Nervous System Drugs

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 269-269

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   2. Drug Discovery Methods for Studying Brain Drug Delivery and Distribution

      • Irena Loryan, Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes

      Pages 271-316

   3. Prediction of Drug Exposure in the Brain from the Chemical Structure

      • Markus Fridén

      Pages 317-338

   4. Integrated Approach to Optimizing CNS Penetration in Drug Discovery: From the Old to the New Paradigm and Assessment of Drug–Transporter Interactions

      • Andreas Reichel

      Pages 339-374

   5. Pharmacoeconomic Considerations in CNS Drug Development

      • David Gray

      Pages 375-397

5. Strategies for Improved Central Nervous System Drug Delivery

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 399-399

      PDF

   2. Intranasal Drug Delivery to the Brain

      • Jeffrey J. Lochhead, Robert G. Thorne

      Pages 401-431

   3. Blood-to-Brain Drug Delivery Using Nanocarriers

      • Pieter J. Gaillard, Corine C. Visser, Marco de Boer, Chantal C. M. Appeldoorn, Jaap Rip

      Pages 433-454

The development of new CNS drugs is notoriously difficult. Drugs must reach CNS target sites for action and these sites are protected by a number of barriers, the most important being the blood –brain barrier (BBB). Many factors are therefore critical to consider for CNS drug delivery, e.g. active/passive transport across the BBB, intra-brain distribution, and central/systemic pharmacokinetics, to name a few. Neurological disease and trauma conditions add further complexity because CNS barriers, drug distribution and pharmacokinetics are dynamic and often changed by disease/trauma. Knowledge of all these factors and their interplay in different conditions is of utmost importance for proper CNS drug development and disease treatment. In recent years much information has become available for a better understanding of the many factors important for CNS drug delivery and how they interact to affect drug action. This book describes small and large drug delivery to the brain with an emphasis on the physiology of the BBB and the principles and concepts for drug delivery across the BBB and distribution within the brain. It contains methods descriptions for studying drug delivery, routes and approaches of administering drugs into the brain, the influence of disease, and drug industry perspectives. Therewith, it contributes to an in-depth understanding of the interplay between brain (patho)-physiology and drug characteristics. Furthermore, the content is designed to be both cutting-edge and educational, so that the book can be used in high-level training of academic and industry scientists with full references to original publications.     ​

• blood-brain barrier
• drug delivery blood-brain barrier
• transporters

• Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Uppsala, Sweden

  Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes

• LACDR/Pharmacology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

  Elizabeth C.M. de Lange

• Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, USA

  Robert G. Thorne

Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes (PhD) is a Professor in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PKPD) at Uppsala University and the Head of the Translational PKPD Group. Her research is focused at studying pharmacokinetic aspects of BBB transport of drugs in relation to CNS effects, which has led to the development of new concepts and methods within the BBB transport area, focusing on unbound drug relationships. Dr. Hammarlund-Udenaes is an Associate Editor of Pharmaceutical Research and a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. She became an American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists’ Fellow in 2005. She is a frequent lecturer at conferences and in drug industry. Her company gives courses and advice in PKPD and BBB transport issues. She co-founded and has co-chaired several of the International Symposia on Microdialysis, and she is the Chair of the ‘Barriers of the CNS’ Gordon Conference in 2014.

Elizabeth C.M. de Lange (PhD) is Head of the Target Site Equilibration Group at the Division of Pharmacology of the Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR). Her research program focuses on the development of generally applicable predictive PKPD models on CNS drugs using advanced in vivo animal models and mathematical modeling techniques, with a number of recent successes. She is an Editorial Board member of the journal Fluids and Barriers of the CNS, and an Editorial Advisory Board member of the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and of Pharmaceutical Research. She has been the cofounder and (co-)Chair at the 1^st, 2^nd and 5^th International Symposia on Microdialysis, and has been the Chair of the 9^th International Conference on Cerebral Vascular Biology (2011). Among many other functions within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, she is the 2014 Chair of the Annual MeetingProgramming Committee. With her company “In Focus” (www.infocus-ecmdelange.nl) she provides courses, training and advice on microdialysis, pharmacokinetics, BBB transport, intra-brain distribution and PKPD relationships.

Robert G. Thorne (PhD) is an Assistant Professor in Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy and also serves as a Trainer in the Neuroscience, Cellular & Molecular Pathology, and Clinical Neuroengineering Training Programs at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. Thorne was previously a research scientist and Faculty member in the Department of Physiology & Neuroscience at the New York University School of Medicine. His background includes a Ph.D. in Pharmaceutics (University of Minnesota) and a B.S. in chemical engineering (University of Washington). His research focuses on diffusive and convective transport within the CNS and the development, refinement and optimization of strategies for delivering biologics into the brain. He is a frequent invited speaker on topics related to CNS drug delivery for organizations within academia, foundations, and the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. Dr. Thorne is a founder and Council / Steering Committee member of the International Brain Barriers Society (http://www.ibbsoc.org/) as well as the 2016 Chair-elect for the ‘Barriers of the CNS’ Gordon Research Conference. 

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