Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-XXXI

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2. Introduction

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment — Scope of the Book and Introduction

      • K. Kümmerer

      Pages 3-11

   3. Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate

      • V. L. Cunningham

      Pages 13-24

3. Use and Occurence of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 25-25

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   2. Emissions from Medical Care Units

      • K. Kümmerer

      Pages 27-44

   3. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Changes in the Presence and Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use in Italy

      • E. Zuccato, S. Castiglioni, R. Fanelli, R. Bagnati, D. Calamari

      Pages 45-53

   4. Environmental Exposure of Antibiotics in Wastewaters, Sewage Sludges and Surface Waters in Switzerland

      • A. C. Alder, C. S. McArdell, E. M. Golet, H.-P. E. Kohler, E. Molnar, N. Anh Pham Thi et al.

      Pages 55-66

   5. Pharmaceuticals in the Canadian Environment

      • C. Metcalfe, X.-S. Miao, W. Hua, R. Letcher, M. Servos

      Pages 67-90

   6. Occurrence of Human Pharmaceuticals in Water Resources of the United States: A Review

      • M. J. Focazio, D. W. Kolpin, E. T. Furlong

      Pages 91-105

   7. Strategies for Selecting Pharmaceuticals to Assess Attenuation During Indirect Potable Water Reuse

      • D. L. Sedlak, C.-H. Huang, K. Pinkston

      Pages 107-120

   8. Residues of Clofibric Acid, Ibuprofen and Diclofenac in the Aquatic Environment and their Elimination in Sewage Treatment and Drinking Water Production

      • C. Zwiener, F. H. Frimmel

      Pages 121-132

   9. Drugs in Municipal Landfills and Landfill Leachates

      • J. W. Metzger

      Pages 133-137

   10. Antibiotics in Soil: Routes of Entry, Environmental Concentrations, Fate and Possible Effects

       • G. Hamscher, H. T. Pawelzick, H. Höper, H. Nau

       Pages 139-147

   11. Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the United States

       • R. A. Bloom

       Pages 149-154

   12. Use and Environmental Occurrence of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in United States Agriculture

       • M. T. Meyer

       Pages 155-163

   13. Fate of Veterinary Medicines Applied to Soils

       • A. B. A. Boxall, P. Kay, P. A. Blackwell, L. A. Fogg

       Pages 165-180

4. Fate and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 181-181

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   2. Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modelling Distribution and Fate

      • A. Di Guardo, D. Calamari, E. Benfenati, B. Halling-Sørensen, E. Zuccato, R. Fanelli

      Pages 183-194

   3. Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Invertebrates — The Example of Carbamazepine and Clofibric Acid

      • G. Nentwig, M. Oetken, J. Oehlmann

      Pages 195-208

When the first green wave appeared in the mid and late 1960s, it was considered a fea­ sible task to solve pollution problems. The visible problems were mostly limited to point sources, and a comprehensive "end of the pipe technology" (= environmental technology) was available. It was even seriously discussed in the US that what was called "zero dis­ charge" could be attained by 1985. It became clear in the early 1970S that zero discharge would be too expensive, and that we should also rely on the self purification ability of ecosystems. That called for the development of environmental and ecological models to assess the self purifica­ tion capacity of ecosystems and to set up emission standards, considering the rela­ tionship between impacts and effects in the ecosystems. This idea is illustrated in Fig. 0.1. A model is used to relate an emission to its effect on the ecosystem and its components. The relationship is applied to select a good solution to environmental problems by application of environmental technology.

• Ecotoxicology
• Environmental Chemistry
• Environmental Medicine
• Environmental Research
• Pharmaceuticals
• development
• ecosystem
• ecosystems
• environment
• pollution
• water quality and water pollution

From the reviews of the second edition:

“This new, expanded edition of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment … comprises 34 chapters from internationally recognized specialists in environmental science and risk assessment, providing a unique collection of integrated scientific knowledge. … This book effectively brings together all the major themes pertinent to the environmental risk assessment of drugs. … For scientists and regulators interested in synthetic chemicals in the environment, this is a highly valuable text and is reasonably priced for such a well-produced book.” (Tom Hutchinson, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 71 (4), March, 2005)

• Institute for Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

  Klaus Kümmerer

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